The Wisdom of God Revealed

We do, however, speak a message of wisdom among the mature, but not the wisdom of this age or of the rulers of this age, who are coming to nothing. No, we declare God’s wisdom, a mystery that has been hidden and that God destined for our glory before time began. None of the rulers of this age understood it, for if they had, they would not have crucified the Lord of glory. However, as it is written:

“What no eye has seen,
    what no ear has heard,
and what no human mind has conceived”—
    the things God has prepared for those who love him—

these are the things God has revealed to us by his Spirit.

The Spirit searches all things, even the deep things of God.

1 Corinthians 2:6-10

Paul’s discussion continues in a very interesting way here as he moves from the simple message he preached to something much deeper. Recall that he indicated that his message in Corinth had been simplicity itself, but here he says that when speaking to the mature in Christ, but this deeper message has nothing to do with the wisdom of this world, for the wise according to the ways of this world simply cannot comprehend the wisdom that comes from God.

He refers to this “wisdom” as a mystery in verse 7: we declare God’s wisdom, a mystery that has been hidden and that God destined for our glory before time began. He goes on to say that: None of the rulers of this age understood it, for if they had, they would not have crucified the Lord of glory. (v. 8)

Isn’t that an interesting little tidbit? What’s this “mystery”?

Paul quotes Isaiah 64:4 and tells his readers that the mystery is something that God has revealed by His Spirit, and that no one can conceive of it…

So, what is the mystery?!!

For who knows a person’s thoughts except their own spirit within them? In the same way no one knows the thoughts of God except the Spirit of God.What we have received is not the spirit of the world, but the Spirit who is from God, so that we may understand what God has freely given us.This is what we speak, not in words taught us by human wisdom but in words taught by the Spirit, explaining spiritual realities with Spirit-taught words.The person without the Spirit does not accept the things that come from the Spirit of God but considers them foolishness, and cannot understand them because they are discerned only through the Spirit. The person with the Spirit makes judgments about all things, but such a person is not subject to merely human judgments,for,

“Who has known the mind of the Lord
    so as to instruct him?”

But we have the mind of Christ.

1 Corinthians 2:11-16

Paul continues his discussion of the wisdom of God with a compelling comparison: No one knows the thoughts of another person, except that person’s own spirit within them, and no one knows God’s thoughts except His own Spirit. In the 21st century we might be inclined to substitute the word “mind” for the word “spirit”, but I would think Paul’s statement is clear enough; so how can we know the Spirit or mind of God?

You might suspect that Paul is building an argument here, and if you were thinking along those lines, you would be quite correct, for that is exactly what he is doing. We’ve seen point one, and now he moves to the second step: We have, in fact, received the Spirit of God within us in the Person of the indwelling Holy Spirit. Consequently, we actually can understand His gift to us, which appears to the world around us to be nothing more than foolishness. When Paul speaks to the mature, to those who can comprehend the mystery of God, he does so not in human reasoning or with merely human understanding, but under the direction of the Spirit.

Even the most brilliant of people cannot understand the mystery of God, for it takes a great deal more than human understanding to see it; it takes the guidance of the Holy Spirit, and we might add, so does saying what we’re saying right now. Yet for someone who has the indwelling of the Holy Spirit, these truths are discernable because… (I hope you are sitting down)… we have the mind of Christ.

During the entire period of my training in Seminary, I was taught that we have the mind of Christ in the Scriptures, for they contain the entire written record of God’s revelation of Himself to humanity. To this day, I believe that what I learned was true. Yet over the decades since then, I have also come to believe that what I was taught, though true, was incomplete – certainly, it is a bit at odds with Paul’s statement in our text. To make this a little more interesting, I was also taught that there are at least 2 types of divine revelation: general revelation (the Scriptures) and special revelation which comes directly from God. Some of the old school professors always added “through the Scriptures” at the end of that statement.

I have enough experience, as do many of you dear readers, to know that God frequently reveals things to us through the Scriptures− no one would argue that point. Yet there are other times when the Scriptures aren’t involved, when understanding might come to us, perhaps in times of prayer or meditation for instance; there are many possibilities here. Having said this, I’ve also known people who claimed that God had revealed something to them that sounded an awful lot like the sort of things that came from a source other than God. I recall one young lady who told me that God revealed to her that the perfect expression of His love was found in participating in orgies, and somehow that just didn’t quite ring true to me. One time I spoke to a man who said that God revealed to him that his Spirit was present whenever the man was under the influence of a certain illegal intoxicating substance, and that also didn’t quite ring true.

There is a lesson here: Yes, we have the mind of Christ in the Person of the Holy Spirit, but we must be careful that His leading is not in contradiction to His Word, for should that be the case, it is much more likely that the spirit we are listening to is a great deal less than Holy.

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Ever Present

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I think we all have times when it seems that our world has been turned topsy-turvy. I think we all have times when we aren’t quite sure which way to go or how best to proceed…

We might cry out to God and wonder where He has gone or why He is letting things be so crazy, but then we remember that God hasn’t left our side even for a minute. He is always there for us to lean on, for us to draw strength and courage from… and then we look directly at Him and things become much clearer.

God is our refuge and strength,
an ever-present help in trouble.
Therefore we will not fear, though the earth give way
and the mountains fall into the heart of the sea,
though its waters roar and foam
and the mountains quake with their surging.

Psalm 46:1-3

Take heart, for God is near! Even though we can’t always quite figure things out, we can have the courage to get back on the road and move forward because He renews our strength. Even though we may not know exactly the best thing to do at any moment, we can be strong in the knowledge that we are not going alone.

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Apostolic Humility

And so it was with me, brothers and sisters. When I came to you, I did not come with eloquence or human wisdom as I proclaimed to you the testimony about God.For I resolved to know nothing while I was with you except Jesus Christ and him crucified. I came to you in weakness with great fear and trembling. My message and my preaching were not with wise and persuasive words, but with a demonstration of the Spirit’s power, so that your faith might not rest on human wisdom, but on God’s power.

1 Corinthians 2:1-5

In this interesting paragraph, Paul moves his discussion of wisdom away from the Corinthian congregation, and onto himself as an example to illustrate his point about division and fragmentation. If we just take it at face value, he makes some great observations that we should take to heart. Yet his real point requires that we recall who is writing this.

Paul has called himself a Jew among Jews, a Pharisee with the very best education. In earthly terms, Paul is entitled to boast a bit, because he can back it up; he has a lot to boast about. As I mentioned earlier, Paul was the smartest and best educated man in most any room he entered, but he wasn’t running around Corinth showing it off. In modern terms, there wasn’t any swagger about him.

In spite of his accomplishments, in spite of his position as an Apostle, Paul was humble.

Yet it wasn’t always that way. Recall that as a Pharisee, he not only participated in Stephen’s murder, but he took persecution on a road trip. Yet on that famous journey of terror, he met Jesus Christ face-to-face and everything changed for him.

Apparently, the change Paul experienced in attitude had not yet taken hold in Corinth. If you or I were members of the Corinthian church and we were hearing his letter read for the first time, might we not ask ourselves whether or not such a change had taken hold of us?

As 21st century Christians, might we not ask ourselves if we have undergone such a change today?

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Paul Continues His Instructions to Titus

You, however, must teach what is appropriate to sound doctrine. Teach the older men to be temperate, worthy of respect, self-controlled, and sound in faith, in love and in endurance.

Likewise, teach the older women to be reverent in the way they live, not to be slanderers or addicted to much wine, but to teach what is good. Then they can urge the younger women to love their husbands and children, to be self-controlled and pure, to be busy at home, to be kind, and to be subject to their husbands, so that no one will malign the word of God.

Similarly, encourage the young men to be self-controlled. In everything set them an example by doing what is good. In your teaching show integrity, seriousness and soundness of speech that cannot be condemned, so that those who oppose you may be ashamed because they have nothing bad to say about us.

Titus 2:1-8

Having given Titus instruction on what not to allow in the church, he continues in this chapter with what kinds of things Titus should teach. Titus’ teaching should be sound and appropriate; everyone should learn to behave in a manner that is respectable, respectful of others and they should always be seen as people who love one another as Christ would love. For me, as I read these verses, two things really stand out: First is that when we see all of these things together, Paul is describing a community in which civility is paramount. Thinking about this priority in light of our culture’s current trend towards discord and incivility, I cannot help thinking that we could use just exactly this sort of teaching. Second, I can’t help but notice that Paul’s main concern is that non-Christians should have every reason to view life within the church community  favorably, so that the Gospel might gain a hearing.

Teach slaves to be subject to their masters in everything, to try to please them, not to talk back to them, and not to steal from them, but to show that they can be fully trusted, so that in every way they will make the teaching about God our Savior attractive. (2:9-10)

This idea of gaining favor to have a chance to share the Gospel is reenforced in these two verses. Yet, for the modern reader, the inclusion of this reference to slaves is a tough one to swallow. It is important for us to understand that the Roman Empire was a slave economy in which a quarter to half of the total population, depending on where you were, consisted of slaves. Even so, the same Greek words* could also be translated “servants”, and of course, the modern-day meaning would more likely be of employees and employers, rather than slaves and masters.

Yet, Paul and Titus lived in the ancient Roman world, not today, and Paul’s intent here is abundantly clear: Behave in a manner that is considered respectable so that the message of salvation in Christ may gain a hearing with the people in the hope that many more will come to salvation.

* The actual Greek words that are used here are hypotassō Which refers to someone who is subordinated; a subordinate, while despotēs, meaning lord or master is rendered “master in our text.

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God’s Provision

God will provide for our needs; this is something most people know, but some become a little confused by it.

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The statement does not mean that all we need to do sit on our chairs and wait for Him to give us what we need or desire, but it does mean that He is more than just mindful of our situations.   Consider the following passage from Matthew 7:

 “Which of you, if his son asks for bread, will give him a stone?  Or if he asks for a fish, will give him a snake?  If you, then, though you are evil, know how to give good gifts to your children, how much more will your Father in heaven give good gifts to those who ask him!  So in everything, do to others what you would have them do to you, for this sums up the Law and the Prophets.”

Matthew 7:9-12

Did you notice something odd about the passage?

Yes, this is from the Sermon on the Mount, and this particular passage comes within a fuller context of 7:7-12 and is about God answering prayer and providing for us.  The odd part is that Jesus added the “Golden Rule” (v. 12) at the end of this, and that is set up as a summing up. Isn’t that interesting?

There’s a connection between the two, God’s provision and answering of prayer and the manner in which we treat other people.  It seems to me that this connection is twofold:

First, secure in the knowledge that God will answer prayer and provide, we need not, in fact must not envy others who appear to us to be in better shape than we are in the area of our need.

Second, God’s children always put others first. Jesus always served God by serving others in a way that advanced God’s purpose and so must we.  The Golden Rule simply puts this into words.

What God will not do for us is to answer our selfish prayers to put us at advantage over others, for this is not the motivation of His humble servant. Thus, we learn that serving God in humility is our proper response to a gracious God, and that His provision will ensure that putting others first will not leave us alone and destitute.

What an awesome and amazing God we have and serve!

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A Tower of Strength

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Our Lord is a tower of strength, but many times we don’t see Him that way.  He rises above everything that we will ever encounter in this life, but we aren’t always conscious of the fact.  His strength is not just a guard against evil, but an empowerment to serve.

I love you, Lord, my strength.

The Lord is my rock, my fortress and my deliverer;
    my God is my rock, in whom I take refuge,
    my shield and the horn of my salvation, my stronghold.

 I called to the Lord, who is worthy of praise,
    and I have been saved from my enemies.

Psalm 18:1-3

The psalmist was delivered from evil many times, both in the form of earthly enemies and in the form of his own weaknesses, and yet he achieved greater things than simply being delivered.  The psalmist was the greatest of earthly kings, an unlikely choice as it happened, but great nevertheless. He established justice in a land torn by conflict and then presided over a time of great prosperity for his people; a time of building within God’s kingdom on earth.

As we go through our lives, I wonder how often we contemplate the similarities between David and ourselves. We also have the influence of evil in our lives, an influence that may take various forms at various times.  We are also unlikely choices to be representatives of God on this earth. We too have been charged with building up God’s Kingdom on the earth, although ours is a different sort of kingdom than David was leading.

In our time, the kingdom we must build is to be built up by making disciples of Jesus Christ, disciples who will be willing to set aside the things of this life and follow Him.  David’s kingdom was something of a prelude to the work that we must do, and his kingdom is no longer on the world stage as it once was, but the kingdom of Jesus Christ is an eternal one; how much greater is our work!

Our God is our deliverance, our rock and our strength.  He will sustain us through our trials, deliver us from evil and provide us with the strength to accomplish the work He has given us to do.

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Christ: The power and Wisdom of God

Where is the wise person? Where is the teacher of the law? Where is the philosopher of this age? Has not God made foolish the wisdom of the world? For since in the wisdom of God the world through its wisdom did not know him, God was pleased through the foolishness of what was preached to save those who believe. Jews demand signs and Greeks look for wisdom, but we preach Christ crucified: a stumbling block to Jews and foolishness to Gentiles, but to those whom God has called, both Jews and Greeks, Christ the power of God and the wisdom of God. For the foolishness of God is wiser than human wisdom, and the weakness of God is stronger than human strength.

1 Corinthians 1:20-25

Do I detect the slightest little trace of sarcasm in these words – or would you prefer I call it irony instead? Whatever we call it, Paul is boldly making the case that social and cultural distinctions were playing a big role in the divisiveness that was taking place in the congregation in Corinth. He clearly isn’t serious when he calls the simple gospel message foolishness, but in our time as well as in Paul’s the learned in society make it out to be foolish. I think it’s particularly telling in verse 22 that Jews demand signs, while Greeks look for wisdom “but we preach Christ crucified”.

Think of all of the times in the gospels when Jesus performed miracle after miracle, and then someone would say, “show us a sign”. Think of how often someone might say that the gospel just doesn’t make scientific sense. What did Jesus say about such things?

He said “let he who has ears to hear, hear, and let he who has eyes to see, see.” When our great wisdom, our lofty positions, our fantastic wealth become central to our lives, we might not even be able to see the noses on our faces. God is not limited by human understanding, nor is He dazzled by human society or material wealth.

Those among our church communities who have great learning, or great positions or vast wealth must resist the temptation to believe that they are somehow better or more favored or superior to those less fortunate, for in God’s eye, we all are His “little ones” and none is greater than the rest. For any of us to do less will eventually bring divisiveness to the church, and our Heavenly Father tends to find division among His little ones to be less than amusing.

God has called us to repentance and grace. He has called both Jew and Gentile, black and white, rich and poor, great and small, for to God all are the same.

I enjoy reading Mark Twain, the 19th century American novelist, humorist and social commentator. Something he wrote keeps banging around in my head, so since I can’t seem to chase it away, I’ll share it. Mr. Twain once wrote that all government officials, high and low, everywhere in the world should be required to always perform their duties completely naked, for without their fancy outfits and impressive uniforms, oppression would disappear from the earth. That’s how God sees all of us, and if we dare to think of ourselves the same way that God does, all of our wisdom and earthly importance seems rather silly… or so it seems to me.

Brothers and sisters, think of what you were when you were called. Not many of you were wise by human standards; not many were influential; not many were of noble birth. But God chose the foolish things of the world to shame the wise; God chose the weak things of the world to shame the strong. God chose the lowly things of this world and the despised things—and the things that are not—to nullify the things that are, so that no one may boast before him. It is because of him that you are in Christ Jesus, who has become for us wisdom from God—that is, our righteousness, holiness and redemption. Therefore, as it is written: “Let the one who boasts boast in the Lord.”

1 Corinthians 1:26-31

Paul sums up his point in these verses. Let’s not forget that he is actually talking about division in the church, and he’s making the general point that training, education power and social position amount to little or nothing in God’s eyes and shouldn’t be all that important in the church; certainly, they should never be allowed to bring about the fragmentation of the Body of Christ.

It should be recognized here that from an earthly point of view, Paul’s teaching is nothing if not counter-intuitive for us. Of course, that is precisely Paul’s point.: God’s ways are not our ways.

It is for us to remember that where we are weak, God is strong. Things may seem impossible to us, but with God, all things are possible.  Does this all sound too simple, foolish… even childish? Maybe it is. Yet didn’t Jesus say that unless we become like little children we couldn’t enter the Kingdom of Heaven?

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Paul Gets Tough

For there are many rebellious people, full of meaningless talk and deception, especially those of the circumcision group. They must be silenced, because they are disrupting whole households by teaching things they ought not to teach—and that for the sake of dishonest gain. One of Crete’s own prophets has said it: “Cretans are always liars, evil brutes, lazy gluttons.” This saying is true. Therefore rebuke them sharply, so that they will be sound in the faith and will pay no attention to Jewish myths or to the merely human commands of those who reject the truth.

Titus 1:10-14

It’s been many years now, 20 at least, since I found myself working in a congregation that had a great many problems. The Senior Pastor was a great guy who had been in the ministry quite successfully for 40 years or so, but in this particular group, he was really struggling. There were certain individuals there who were causing all sorts of problems, mainly in being resistant to any kind of change. I was asked to speak to the “problem children” from time-to-time, and my preacher friend always said afterward that I lack grace in my teaching.

In spite of this, I always thought that I was being terribly diplomatic in these sessions. He would say that Jesus was full of grace and truth, and that I had the truth in abundance, but the grace was in short supply. The funny thing was, I thought that his way was loaded with grace, but that he always ran out of time before getting to the truth.

The truth is that there must be a balance, but that balance is found in a larger picture and not in the handling of one incident, at least not entirely, for certain perils require immediate action to avoid disaster, and immediate action can seem to be a bit harsh when seen in a vacuum. I think this passage is one of those.

Paul clearly isn’t pulling any punches here; something must be done, and if it seems a bit harsh, those involved have it coming. The key is that the individuals Paul is speaking of are “of the circumcision group”. We know from Paul’s other letters that he has no patience with those who swoop into a new congregation claiming to be Christ-followers and telling the Gentile men that they can only be Christians if they are circumcised Jews first. The reason is simple: Not only is it false teaching, but no grown man is going to hand a knife to another man and ask him to start cutting him up, particularly in that region― men are funny like that.

Of course, the result of this teaching is that the new church blows apart. Yes, something must be done quickly.

Notice in verse 14 that Paul’s hope is that these individuals will come to know the truth and in so doing, be saved by God’s grace in spite of their grievous error: that is the grace in the equation.

To the pure, all things are pure, but to those who are corrupted and do not believe, nothing is pure. In fact, both their minds and consciences are corrupted. They claim to know God, but by their actions they deny him. They are detestable, disobedient and unfit for doing anything good.

Titus 1:15-16

Summing up here, Paul offers his view of the current condition of the false teachers, and once again to our ears this seems a tad harsh; this is the truth. Yet even though this is the starting point, things can change if swift, decisive action is taken; that is the grace.

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Wisdom of the Cross and Wisdom of Men

For the message of the cross is foolishness to those who are perishing, but to us who are being saved it is the power of God. For it is written:

“I will destroy the wisdom of the wise;
    the intelligence of the intelligent I will frustrate.”

1 Corinthians 1:18-19

In verse 17 Paul began to take a turn into a discussion of the contrast between human wisdom, and the wisdom of God. Keeping context in mind, this comes as Paul’s explanation for why the division is taking place in the Corinthian church community. In this subsection, Paul appears to be making the case that wisdom in this world brings about a great social divide between the wise and the unwise; the strong and the weak. This may seem like a rather strange line of reasoning for many of us today, but let’s pause a moment and consider…

In our time in the West for instance, we live in societies heavily influenced by Progressive thinking relating to public policy. That thinking says that we must have a society that is regulated by educated and highly trained professionals who will make important decisions for the benefit of the masses. The masses of people, it is reasoned, are simply not up to the task of making their own decisions in key areas of life, areas that professionals would be likely to make much better decisions than regular people.  So, this professional class begins to make laws, laws that regulate behaviors, that require this or forbid that.

The result of this is that the professionals seldom hang out with the laborers with whom they have little or nothing in common, and society itself begins to fragment. Where that happens in society, and parts of society find themselves together in the congregation, they tend not to mix together very well. In Paul’s day, there seem to have been groups in the Corinthian church who didn’t mix well together, and they sought to be identified with leaders, like those named in the previous section, and consequently, the church began to fragment. If you recall our introduction to 1 Corinthians, and the brief discussion of Corinth and its status as a Roman colony that was also a major port city, you shouldn’t have much difficulty seeing how that fragmentation could have taken place.

With this in mind, let’s take a look at the verses:

Contrary to what many have claimed over the years, Paul is not setting Christianity up to be anti-intellectual. Think about it – Paul of all people is pretty much the most educated man in any room he walked into, and his great intellect is very much on display in every paragraph of this letter. No sir, he is not advocating anything anti-intellectual here. Instead, his message here is that Christ’s work on the cross renders any social distinction irrelevant. He is teaching the people that they should forget all of their divisions and to see one another as God sees them, not as this human world does. After all, brotherhood in Christ lasts for all eternity; social distinction will all perish soon enough.

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BONUS POST: Some Thoughts on Interpretation

There are various methods used to interpret the Bible, many of which are also used in the interpretation of other writings. Here is one that works for me, and will for you too…

There are three Scriptural sources for truth: First, the direct command of God, second, an approved Apostolic example, and third, a necessary inference. A direct command from God Himself settles the matter. The same is true for an approved Apostolic example, such as the one in Titus 1:5-9: Paul is writing on behalf of the Lord Jesus Christ, under the inspiration of the Holy Spirit and therefore, his writing is true. Finally, there is a necessary inference. In this case, we infer something from the writing that may not have been said directly or exactly because that is of necessity, the intended meaning. The key here is “necessary” as opposed to an inference that may possibly be taken from something. Possible inferences are matters where opinions may differ.

In our example from Titus 1, we have Paul’s teaching about church leaders. Since this is inspired by the Holy Spirit it is “approved”, therefore it is reliable. Yet we are still left to figure out just exactly what Paul meant here, how literal did he intend us to take it, and that is where the inferring comes into play in this case.

The first thing we must do is to check the context into which it is written. We saw earlier why Paul wrote this:

Instruction on the proper organization and operation of the local church, and the behavioral patterns of both church leaders and members so that they, in community with each other, might advance the cause of Christ.

Since we are looking at our text as instruction concerning the proper organization and operation of the local church, its leaders, and members, we can conclude that our task is on the right track: So far, so good.

Our next task is to see if there are any parallel texts. A parallel text is one that covers the same material or subject in a similar context as the one we are trying to figure out; the closer the context, the better, and if it’s by the same author, that’s best of all… and we have one of those in 1 Timothy 3.

Titus 1:5-91 Timothy 3:2-7
The reason I left you in Crete was that you might put in order what was left unfinished and appoint elders in every town, as I directed you. An elder must be blameless, faithful to his wife, a man whose children believe and are not open to the charge of being wild and disobedient. Since an overseer manages God’s household, he must be blameless—not overbearing, not quick-tempered, not given to drunkenness, not violent, not pursuing dishonest gain. Rather, he must be hospitable, one who loves what is good, who is self-controlled, upright, holy and disciplined. He must hold firmly to the trustworthy message as it has been taught, so that he can encourage others by sound doctrine and refute those who oppose it.Now the overseer is to be above reproach, faithful to his wife, temperate, self-controlled, respectable, hospitable, able to teach, not given to drunkenness, not violent but gentle, not quarrelsome, not a lover of money. He must manage his own family well and see that his children obey him, and he must do so in a manner worthy of full respect. (If anyone does not know how to manage his own family, how can he take care of God’s church?) He must not be a recent convert, or he may become conceited and fall under the same judgment as the devil. He must also have a good reputation with outsiders, so that he will not fall into disgrace and into the devil’s trap.

The first thing for us to consider is that these two passages are parallels that are from the same author at about the same time, in the same context, and covering the exact same subject. In short, this parallel is pure gold. As you read through both texts, the first thing you will see is that Paul uses the words elder and overseer interchangeably; they are the same thing. The next thing you should notice is that the Titus text seems a tad stricter, the Timothy text seems a bit less strict as it contains some explanation that Titus doesn’t have; these are in parentheses in the NIV. Finally, you will notice that the qualities aren’t exact matches, for example Timothy has that an elder or overseer should be able to teach, and Titus does not. As we consider these things, it becomes more and more apparent that since they are so close, yet not exact, and that so many of the items mentioned fall into line more as character traits, and less as specific requirements, most people will conclude that these are guidelines and not specific requirements of the sort that you might see on a government form in order to be eligible for something. When you combine this with the fact that Paul himself would be excluded as a church elder because he was single and childless, we move from a possible to a necessary inference.

Even so, some will disagree, and that is why we should never forget to ask God to lead and guide us into the truth- and why we shouldn’t beat each other up when we disagree on something like this.

If you are wondering about the part from yesterday about whether or not a woman can be an elder in the local church, we still have another step to go before anything can be quite conclusive, and that step is to find out which Greek words Paul has used. We would take this step because there is always the chance that the view or bias of the translators might come into play in their English word choices. In both of our texts, we find that the Greek text does not have either male or female pronouns in them, however the word aner meaning an adult male is rendered “man” and the Greek word gyne meaning adult female is rendered “woman” in both texts.

If someone was determined to find an argument to say that a woman can or should be in such a position, there is a cultural argument to be made in concert with the text containing guidelines rather than specific requirements. Even so, whether or not one would come to a necessary as opposed to a possible inference is, in my view, a judgment call in which well-intentioned people would probably vary.

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